Oracle SQL*Plus: The Definitive Guide. The Definitive Guide. 2nd Edition

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• Oracle SQL*Plus: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly
  • A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
  • Preface
    • Why I Wrote This Book
    • Objectives of This Book
    • Whats New in the Second Edition?
    • Which Platform and Version?
    • Structure of This Book
    • Obtaining the Scripts and Sample Data
    • What About Those Names?
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Using Code Examples
    • Comments and Questions
    • Acknowledgments from the First Edition
    • Second Edition Acknowledgments
  • 1. Introduction to SQL*Plus
    • 1.1. What Is SQL*Plus?
      • 1.1.1. Uses for SQL*Plus
      • 1.1.2. SQL*Plus's Relation to SQL, PL/SQL, and the Oracle Database
    • 1.2. History of SQL*Plus
    • 1.3. Why Master SQL*Plus?
    • 1.4. Creating and Loading the Sample Tables
      • 1.4.1. The Data Model
      • 1.4.2. The Tables
        • 1.4.2.1. EMPLOYEE table
        • 1.4.2.2. PROJECT table
        • 1.4.2.3. PROJECT_HOURS table
      • 1.4.3. The Data
        • 1.4.3.1. EMPLOYEE table
        • 1.4.3.2. PROJECT table
        • 1.4.3.3. PROJECT_HOURS table
      • 1.4.4. Loading the Sample Data
        • 1.4.4.1. Step 1: Download and unzip the script files
        • 1.4.4.2. Step 2: Start SQL*Plus
        • 1.4.4.3. Step 3: Log into your Oracle database
        • 1.4.4.4. Step 4: Run the bld_db.sql script file
  • 2. Command-Line SQL*Plus
    • 2.1. Starting Command-Line SQL*Plus
      • 2.1.1. Connecting to a Default Database
      • 2.1.2. Connecting to a Remote Database
      • 2.1.3. Specifying Login Details on the Command Line
    • 2.2. Starting Windows SQL*Plus
    • 2.3. Some Basic SQL*Plus Commands
      • 2.3.1. EXIT
      • 2.3.2. PASSWORD
      • 2.3.3. HELP
      • 2.3.4. DESCRIBE
      • 2.3.5. CONNECT
      • 2.3.6. DISCONNECT
      • 2.3.7. HOST
    • 2.4. Running SQL Queries
    • 2.5. Working with PL/SQL
      • 2.5.1. What Is a PL/SQL Block?
      • 2.5.2. Executing a PL/SQL Block
        • 2.5.2.1. Where's the output?
        • 2.5.2.2. Rules for entering PL/SQL blocks
      • 2.5.3. Executing a Single PL/SQL Statement
    • 2.6. The SQL Buffer
    • 2.7. Line Editing
      • 2.7.1. The Current Line
      • 2.7.2. Line-Editing Commands
        • 2.7.2.1. Getting a statement into the buffer
        • 2.7.2.2. LIST
        • 2.7.2.3. APPEND
        • 2.7.2.4. CHANGE
        • 2.7.2.5. DEL
        • 2.7.2.6. INPUT
        • 2.7.2.7. Retyping a line
    • 2.8. Executing the Statement in the Buffer
      • 2.8.1. If Your Statement Has an Error
      • 2.8.2. Doing It Again
    • 2.9. Saving and Retrieving the Buffer
      • 2.9.1. SAVE
      • 2.9.2. GET
    • 2.10. The EDIT Command
      • 2.10.1. Choosing Your Editor
      • 2.10.2. Invoking the Editor
      • 2.10.3. Beware Editing Conflicts!
      • 2.10.4. Formatting Your Command
      • 2.10.5. Getting Back to SQL*Plus
    • 2.11. Executing a Script
    • 2.12. The Working Directory
  • 3. Browser-Based SQL*Plus
    • 3.1. Starting iSQL*Plus
      • 3.1.1. Starting the iSQL*Plus Server
      • 3.1.2. Using a Supported Browser
      • 3.1.3. Connecting to a Database
      • 3.1.4. Connecting as an Administrator
        • 3.1.4.1. Creating iSQL*Plus DBA users
        • 3.1.4.2. Authenticating to iSQL*Plus as a DBA
      • 3.1.5. Ending a Session
    • 3.2. Executing SQL*Plus Commands
    • 3.3. Running SQL Queries
      • 3.3.1. Paging Through Results
      • 3.3.2. Getting Output as Plain Text
    • 3.4. Working with PL/SQL
    • 3.5. Executing Scripts
      • 3.5.1. Using the @ Command
      • 3.5.2. Using the Load Script Button
    • 3.6. iSQL*Plus Command History
  • 4. A Lightning SQL Tutorial
    • 4.1. Data Manipulation Statements
      • 4.1.1. Inserting Data into a Table
      • 4.1.2. Retrieving Data from a Table
        • 4.1.2.1. Multiple conditions
        • 4.1.2.2. Negating conditions
        • 4.1.2.3. Table aliases
        • 4.1.2.4. Column aliases
      • 4.1.3. Updating Data with New Values
      • 4.1.4. Deleting Data from a Table
      • 4.1.5. Merging Data into a Table
    • 4.2. Transactions
      • 4.2.1. Protecting Data Integrity
      • 4.2.2. Backing Out of Unwanted Changes
      • 4.2.3. You're Always Using Transactions
      • 4.2.4. Understanding Transaction Types
    • 4.3. The Concept of Null
      • 4.3.1. Detecting Nulls
      • 4.3.2. Nulls in Expressions
    • 4.4. Table Joins
      • 4.4.1. Inner Joins
      • 4.4.2. Outer Joins
      • 4.4.3. Full Outer Joins
    • 4.5. Sorting Query Results
    • 4.6. Grouping and Summarizing
      • 4.6.1. The GROUP BY Clause
      • 4.6.2. The HAVING Clause
    • 4.7. Subqueries
      • 4.7.1. Treating Rowsets as Tables
      • 4.7.2. Testing for Representation
      • 4.7.3. Generating Data for INSERTs and UPDATEs
    • 4.8. Unions
    • 4.9. To Learn More
  • 5. Generating Reports with SQL*Plus
    • 5.1. Following a Methodology
    • 5.2. Saving Your Work
    • 5.3. Designing a Simple Report
      • 5.3.1. Step 1: Formulate the Query
      • 5.3.2. Step 2: Format the Columns
        • 5.3.2.1. Column headings
        • 5.3.2.2. Numeric display formats
        • 5.3.2.3. Text display formats
        • 5.3.2.4. Report output after formatting the columns
      • 5.3.3. Step 3: Add Page Headers and Footers
        • 5.3.3.1. The top title
        • 5.3.3.2. The bottom title
        • 5.3.3.3. Setting the line width
        • 5.3.3.4. Report output with page titles
      • 5.3.4. Step 4: Format the Page
        • 5.3.4.1. How many lines on a page?
        • 5.3.4.2. Setting the pagesize
        • 5.3.4.3. Setting the page advance
      • 5.3.5. Step 5: Print It
        • 5.3.5.1. Spooling to a file
        • 5.3.5.2. The final script
        • 5.3.5.3. Executing the report
        • 5.3.5.4. Printing the file
    • 5.4. Master/Detail Reports
      • 5.4.1. Suppressing Duplicate Column Values
      • 5.4.2. Page and Line Breaks
        • 5.4.2.1. Adding a page break
        • 5.4.2.2. Adding a line break
        • 5.4.2.3. Report output with page and line breaks
      • 5.4.3. Master/Detail Formatting
        • 5.4.3.1. Retrieve the employee information into substitution variables
        • 5.4.3.2. Modify the page heading to print the employee name and ID
        • 5.4.3.3. Revisit the report width and the width of the remaining fields
        • 5.4.3.4. Printing data in a page footer
  • 6. Creating HTML Reports
    • 6.1. Getting the Data into an HTML Table
    • 6.2. Generating the Entire Page
      • 6.2.1. Using SQL*Plus's Default Formatting
      • 6.2.2. Taking Control of the Page Format
    • 6.3. Another Approach to Headers
    • 6.4. Master/Detail Reports in HTML
  • 7. Advanced Reports
    • 7.1. Totals and Subtotals
      • 7.1.1. Printing Subtotals
      • 7.1.2. Printing Grand Totals
        • 7.1.2.1. Grand totals and pagination
        • 7.1.2.2. Grand totals and the final detail record
        • 7.1.2.3. Grand totals and the lack of a label
    • 7.2. Getting the Current Date into a Header
      • 7.2.1. Getting the Date from Oracle
      • 7.2.2. Formatting the Date
    • 7.3. Report Headers and Footers
    • 7.4. Formatting Object Columns
    • 7.5. Summary Reports
    • 7.6. Taking Advantage of Unions
      • 7.6.1. A Typical Union Example
      • 7.6.2. The UNION Query
      • 7.6.3. The Final Report
  • 8. Writing SQL*Plus Scripts
    • 8.1. Why Write Scripts?
    • 8.2. Using Substitution Variables
      • 8.2.1. What Is a Substitution Variable?
      • 8.2.2. Using Single-Ampersand Variables
        • 8.2.2.1. The report for one specific employee
        • 8.2.2.2. Generalizing the report with substitution variables
        • 8.2.2.3. Running the report
        • 8.2.2.4. When TERMOUT is off
      • 8.2.3. Using Double-Ampersand Variables
        • 8.2.3.1. An example that prompts twice for the same value
        • 8.2.3.2. A modified example that prompts once
        • 8.2.3.3. A final caveat
    • 8.3. Prompting for Values
      • 8.3.1. The ACCEPT Command
      • 8.3.2. The PROMPT Command
        • 8.3.2.1. Using PROMPT to summarize the script
        • 8.3.2.2. Using PROMPT to explain the output
    • 8.4. Cleaning Up the Display
      • 8.4.1. Turning Off Verification
      • 8.4.2. Turning Off Feedback
      • 8.4.3. Turning Off Command Echoing
      • 8.4.4. Turning Off All Terminal Output
    • 8.5. Executing a Script
      • 8.5.1. Invoking a Script from the Command Line
      • 8.5.2. Accessing Command-Line Arguments
      • 8.5.3. Specifying a Search Path for Scripts
      • 8.5.4. Placing SQL*Plus Commands into a Shell Script
      • 8.5.5. Creating a Windows Shortcut
        • 8.5.5.1. Starting the SQL*Plus executable
        • 8.5.5.2. Creating the shortcut
      • 8.5.6. Executing a Script Over the Internet
    • 8.6. Controlling Variable Substitution
      • 8.6.1. The Escape Character
        • 8.6.1.1. Enabling the escape feature
        • 8.6.1.2. Escaping an ampersand
        • 8.6.1.3. Changing the escape character
      • 8.6.2. The Concatenation Character
        • 8.6.2.1. Turning off the concatenation feature
        • 8.6.2.2. Changing the concatenation character
      • 8.6.3. Enabling and Disabling Substitution
      • 8.6.4. Changing the Substitution Variable Prefix Character
    • 8.7. Commenting Your Scripts
      • 8.7.1. The REMARK Command
      • 8.7.2. The /* and */ Delimiters
      • 8.7.3. Double Hyphens (- -)
      • 8.7.4. Substitution Within Comments
    • 8.8. Resetting Your SQL*Plus Environment
    • 8.9. Scripting Issues with iSQL*Plus
  • 9. Extracting and Loading Data
    • 9.1. Types of Output Files
      • 9.1.1. Delimited Files
      • 9.1.2. Fixed-Width Files
      • 9.1.3. DML Files
      • 9.1.4. DDL Files
    • 9.2. Limitations of SQL*Plus
    • 9.3. Extracting the Data
      • 9.3.1. Formulate the Query
      • 9.3.2. Format the Data
        • 9.3.2.1. Comma-delimited
        • 9.3.2.2. Fixed-width
        • 9.3.2.3. DML
        • 9.3.2.4. DDL
      • 9.3.3. Spool the Extract to a File
      • 9.3.4. Make Your Extract Script User-Friendly
    • 9.4. An Excel-Specific HTML Hack
    • 9.5. Reloading the Data
      • 9.5.1. Executing DDL and DML
      • 9.5.2. Running SQL*Loader
        • 9.5.2.1. The control file
        • 9.5.2.2. Building a control file for comma-delimited data
        • 9.5.2.3. Building a control file for fixed-width data
        • 9.5.2.4. Loading the data
      • 9.5.3. Using an External Table
        • 9.5.3.1. Creating a directory
        • 9.5.3.2. Creating an external table
        • 9.5.3.3. Loading the data
  • 10. Exploring Your Database
    • 10.1. The DESCRIBE Command
      • 10.1.1. Describing a Table
      • 10.1.2. Describing Stored Functions and Procedures
      • 10.1.3. Describing Packages and Object Types
      • 10.1.4. Why DESCRIBE Is Not Enough
    • 10.2. Oracle's Data Dictionary Views
      • 10.2.1. What Is the Data Dictionary?
      • 10.2.2. The View Types: user, all, and dba
    • 10.3. Tables
      • 10.3.1. Listing Tables You Own
        • 10.3.1.1. The recycle bin
        • 10.3.1.2. Tables owned by other users
        • 10.3.1.3. External tables
        • 10.3.1.4. Object tables
        • 10.3.1.5. A combined list of tables
      • 10.3.2. Listing Column Definitions for a Table
    • 10.4. Table Constraints
      • 10.4.1. Check Constraints
      • 10.4.2. Primary Key and Unique Constraints
      • 10.4.3. Foreign Key Constraints
    • 10.5. Indexes
    • 10.6. Triggers
    • 10.7. Synonyms
    • 10.8. Table Security
    • 10.9. Scripting the Data Dictionary
      • 10.9.1. Running the Script
      • 10.9.2. When the Parameter Is Omitted
      • 10.9.3. Separating Owner and Table Names
      • 10.9.4. Generating the Index Headings
    • 10.10. Using SQL to Write SQL
    • 10.11. The Master Key
  • 11. Advanced Scripting
    • 11.1. Bind Variables
      • 11.1.1. Declaring Bind Variables
      • 11.1.2. Using Bind Variables and Substitution Variables Together
        • 11.1.2.1. From substitution to bind
        • 11.1.2.2. From bind to substitution
      • 11.1.3. Displaying the Contents of a Bind Variable
        • 11.1.3.1. Using the PRINT command
        • 11.1.3.2. PRINTing CLOB variables
        • 11.1.3.3. PRINTing REFCURSOR variables
        • 11.1.3.4. SELECTing a bind variable
      • 11.1.4. When and How to Use Bind Variables
        • 11.1.4.1. Calling PL/SQL procedures and functions from SQL*Plus
        • 11.1.4.2. Using REFCURSOR variables
        • 11.1.4.3. Testing application queries
    • 11.2. Branching in SQL*Plus
      • 11.2.1. Simulating Branching by Adjusting the WHERE Clause
      • 11.2.2. Simulate Branching by Using REFCURSOR Variables
      • 11.2.3. Branching Using a Multilevel File Structure
      • 11.2.4. Using SQL to Write SQL
      • 11.2.5. Using PL/SQL
      • 11.2.6. Using an Operating-System Scripting Language
    • 11.3. Looping in SQL*Plus
      • 11.3.1. Recursive Execution
      • 11.3.2. Looping Within PL/SQL
    • 11.4. Validating and Parsing User Input
      • 11.4.1. Validating Input with ACCEPT
        • 11.4.1.1. ACCEPTing numeric values
        • 11.4.1.2. ACCEPTing date values
      • 11.4.2. Validating Input with SQL
      • 11.4.3. Parsing Input with SQL
    • 11.5. Error Handling
      • 11.5.1. The WHENEVER Command
        • 11.5.1.1. WHENEVER SQLERROR
        • 11.5.1.2. Capturing SQL*Plus return codes
        • 11.5.1.3. PL/SQL errors and WHENEVER
        • 11.5.1.4. WHENEVER OSERROR
    • 11.6. Returning Values to Unix
  • 12. Tuning and Timing
    • 12.1. Using SQL*Plus Timers
      • 12.1.1. The SET TIMING Command
      • 12.1.2. The TIMING Command
        • 12.1.2.1. Starting and stopping a timer
        • 12.1.2.2. Displaying the value of a timer
        • 12.1.2.3. Nesting timers
        • 12.1.2.4. Finding out how many timers you have going
        • 12.1.2.5. Stopping all timers
    • 12.2. Using EXPLAIN PLAN
      • 12.2.1. Creating the Plan Table
      • 12.2.2. Explaining a Query
      • 12.2.3. Interpreting the Results
        • 12.2.3.1. Using DBMS_XPLAN to display an execution plan
        • 12.2.3.2. Using a SELECT statement to display an execution plan
        • 12.2.3.3. Making sense of the results
    • 12.3. Using AUTOTRACE
      • 12.3.1. Granting Access to the Performance Views
      • 12.3.2. Executing a Query with AUTOTRACE On
        • 12.3.2.1. Showing statistics and the plan
        • 12.3.2.2. Showing only the plan
        • 12.3.2.3. Suppressing the query output
        • 12.3.2.4. Turning AUTOTRACE off
    • 12.4. Improving on EXPLAIN PLAN Results
      • 12.4.1. Knowing Good Results from Bad
      • 12.4.2. Creating Indexes
      • 12.4.3. Rewriting the Query
      • 12.4.4. Using Hints
        • 12.4.4.1. Syntax for a hint
        • 12.4.4.2. Specifying table and index names
        • 12.4.4.3. Hint conflicts and applicability
        • 12.4.4.4. Hint query blocks
      • 12.4.5. Oracle's Hint Syntax
        • 12.4.5.1. Optimizer goal hints
        • 12.4.5.2. Access method hints
        • 12.4.5.3. Query transformation hints
        • 12.4.5.4. Join order hints
        • 12.4.5.5. Join operation hints
        • 12.4.5.6. Parallel execution hints
        • 12.4.5.7. Other hints
    • 12.5. Where to Find More Tuning Information
  • 13. The Product User Profile
    • 13.1. What Is the Product User Profile?
      • 13.1.1. Why Does the Product User Profile Exist?
      • 13.1.2. The product_profile Table
      • 13.1.3. How the Product User Profile Works
      • 13.1.4. Product User Profile Limitations
        • 13.1.4.1. Issues related to PL/SQL
        • 13.1.4.2. Issues related to roles
    • 13.2. Using the Product User Profile
      • 13.2.1. Creating the Profile Table
      • 13.2.2. Limiting Access to Commands and Statements
        • 13.2.2.1. Commands and statements that can be disabled
        • 13.2.2.2. Disabling a command or statement
        • 13.2.2.3. Re-enabling a command or statement
      • 13.2.3. Limiting Access to Roles
        • 13.2.3.1. Disabling a role
        • 13.2.3.2. Re-enabling a role
      • 13.2.4. Reporting on the Product User Profile
        • 13.2.4.1. Listing all restrictions
        • 13.2.4.2. Listing restrictions for a particular user
  • 14. Customizing Your SQL*Plus Environment
    • 14.1. SQL*Plus Settings You Can Control
    • 14.2. The Site and User Profiles
      • 14.2.1. Customizing the SQL*Plus Prompt
      • 14.2.2. Choosing an Editor
    • 14.3. Environment Variables That Affect SQL*Plus
      • 14.3.1. Specifying a Search Path for Scripts
      • 14.3.2. Designating a Default Net Service Name
      • 14.3.3. Controlling Language and Character Set
    • 14.4. Windows GUI SQL*Plus
    • 14.5. iSQL*Plus User Preferences
  • A. SQL*Plus Command Reference
    • A.1. The Command to Invoke SQL*Plus
    • A.2. Commands You Can Issue Within SQL*Plus
      • Comment Delimiters (/* . . . */)
      • Double Hyphen (- -)
      • At Sign (@)
      • Double At Sign (@@)
      • Forward Slash (/)
      • ACCEPT
      • APPEND
      • ARCHIVE LOG
      • ATTRIBUTE
      • BREAK
      • BTITLE
      • CHANGE
      • CLEAR
      • COLUMN
      • COMPUTE
      • CONNECT
      • COPY
      • DEFINE
      • DEL
      • DESCRIBE
      • DISCONNECT
      • EDIT
      • EXECUTE
      • EXIT
      • GET
      • HELP
      • HOST
      • INPUT
      • LIST
      • PASSWORD
      • PAUSE
      • PRINT
      • PROMPT
      • QUIT
      • RECOVER
      • REMARK
      • REPFOOTER
      • REPHEADER
      • RUN
      • SAVE
      • SET APPINFO
      • SET ARRAYSIZE
      • SET AUTOCOMMIT
      • SET AUTOPRINT
      • SET AUTORECOVERY
      • SET AUTOTRACE
      • SET BLOCKTERMINATOR
      • SET BUFFER
      • SET CLOSECURSOR
      • SET CMDSEP
      • SET COLSEP
      • SET COMPATIBILITY
      • SET CONCAT
      • SET COPYCOMMIT
      • SET COPYTYPECHECK
      • SET DEFINE
      • SET DESCRIBE
      • SET DOCUMENT
      • SET ECHO
      • SET EDITFILE
      • SET EMBEDDED
      • SET ESCAPE
      • SET FEEDBACK
      • SET FLAGGER
      • SET FLUSH
      • SET HEADING
      • SET HEADSEP
      • SET INSTANCE
      • SET LINESIZE
      • SET LOBOFFSET
      • SET LOGSOURCE
      • SET LONG
      • SET LONGCHUNKSIZE
      • SET MARKUP
      • SET MAXDATA
      • SET NEWPAGE
      • SET NULL
      • SET NUMFORMAT
      • SET NUMWIDTH
      • SET PAGESIZE
      • SET PAUSE
      • SET RECSEP
      • SET RECSEPCHAR
      • SET SCAN
      • SET SERVEROUTPUT
      • SET SHIFTINOUT
      • SET SHOWMODE
      • SET SPACE
      • SET SQLBLANKLINES
      • SQLCASE
      • SET SQLCONTINUE
      • SET SQLNUMBER
      • SET SQLPLUSCOMPATIBILITY
      • SET SQLPREFIX
      • SET SQLPROMPT
      • SET SQLTERMINATOR
      • SET SUFFIX
      • SET TAB
      • SET TERMOUT
      • SET TIME
      • SET TIMING
      • SET TRIMOUT
      • SET TRIMSPOOL
      • SET TRUNCATE
      • SET UNDERLINE
      • SET VERIFY
      • SET WRAP
      • SHOW
      • SHUTDOWN
      • SPOOL
      • START
      • STARTUP
      • STORE
      • TIMING
      • TTITLE
      • UNDEFINE
      • VARIABLE
      • WHENEVER
  • B. SQL*Plus Format Elements
    • B.1. Formatting Numbers
    • B.2. Formatting Character Strings
    • B.3. Formatting Dates
  • About the Author
  • Colophon
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