The Ruby Programming Language

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• The Ruby Programming Language
• A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
• Preface
  • Acknowledgments
    • David Flanagan
    • Yukihiro Matsumoto
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • How to Contact Us
  • Safari Enabled
• 1. Introduction
  • A Tour of Ruby
    • Ruby Is Object-Oriented
    • Blocks and Iterators
    • Expressions and Operators in Ruby
    • Methods
    • Assignment
    • Punctuation Suffixes and Prefixes
    • Regexp and Range
    • Classes and Modules
    • Ruby Surprises
  • Try Ruby
    • The Ruby Interpreter
    • Displaying Output
    • Interactive Ruby with irb
    • Viewing Ruby Documentation with ri
    • Ruby Package Management with gem
    • More Ruby Tutorials
    • Ruby Resources
  • About This Book
    • How to Read This Book
  • A Sudoku Solver in Ruby
• 2. The Structure and Execution of Ruby Programs
  • Lexical Structure
    • Comments
      • Embedded documents
      • Documentation comments
    • Literals
    • Punctuation
    • Identifiers
      • Case sensitivity
      • Unicode characters in identifiers
      • Punctuation in identifiers
    • Keywords
    • Whitespace
      • Newlines as statement terminators
      • Spaces and method invocations
  • Syntactic Structure
    • Block Structure in Ruby
  • File Structure
  • Program Encoding
    • Specifying Program Encoding
    • Source, External, and Internal Encodings
  • Program Execution
• 3. Datatypes and Objects
  • Numbers
    • Integer Literals
    • Floating-Point Literals
    • Arithmetic in Ruby
    • Binary Floating-Point and Rounding Errors
  • Text
    • String Literals
      • Single-quoted string literals
      • Double-quoted string literals
      • Unicode escapes
      • Arbitrary delimiters for string literals
      • Here documents
      • Backtick command execution
      • String literals and mutability
      • The String.new method
    • Character Literals
    • String Operators
    • Accessing Characters and Substrings
    • Iterating Strings
    • String Encodings and Multibyte Characters
      • Multibyte characters in Ruby 1.9
      • The Encoding class
      • Multibyte characters in Ruby 1.8
  • Arrays
  • Hashes
    • Hash Literals
    • Hash Codes, Equality, and Mutable Keys
  • Ranges
    • Testing Membership in a Range
  • Symbols
  • True, False, and Nil
  • Objects
    • Object References
      • Immediate values
    • Object Lifetime
    • Object Identity
    • Object Class and Object Type
    • Object Equality
      • The equal? method
      • The == operator
      • The eql? method
      • The === operator
      • The =~ operator
    • Object Order
    • Object Conversion
      • Explicit conversions
      • Implicit conversions
      • Conversion functions
      • Arithmetic operator type coercions
      • Boolean type conversions
    • Copying Objects
    • Marshaling Objects
    • Freezing Objects
    • Tainted and Untrusted Objects
• 4. Expressions and Operators
  • Literals and Keyword Literals
  • Variable References
    • Uninitialized Variables
  • Constant References
  • Method Invocations
  • Assignments
    • Assigning to Variables
    • Assigning to Constants
    • Assigning to Attributes and Array Elements
    • Abbreviated Assignment
    • Parallel Assignment
      • Same number of lvalues and rvalues
      • One lvalue, multiple rvalues
      • Multiple lvalues, single array rvalue
      • Different numbers of lvalues and rvalues
      • The splat operator
      • Parentheses in parallel assignment
      • The value of parallel assignment
  • Operators
    • Unary + and
    • Exponentiation: **
    • Arithmetic: +, , *, /, and %
    • Shift and Append: << and >>
    • Complement, Union, Intersection: ~, &, |, and ^
    • Comparison: <, <=, >, >=, and <=>
    • Equality: ==, !=, =~, !~, and ===
    • Boolean Operators: &&, ||, !, and, or, not
    • Ranges and Flip-Flops: .. and ...
      • Boolean flip-flops
    • Conditional: ?:
    • Assignment Operators
    • The defined? Operator
    • Statement Modifiers
    • Nonoperators
• 5. Statements and Control Structures
  • Conditionals
    • if
      • else
      • elsif
      • Return value
    • if As a Modifier
    • unless
    • case
    • The ?: Operator
  • Loops
    • while and until
    • while and until As Modifiers
    • The for/in Loop
  • Iterators and Enumerable Objects
    • Numeric Iterators
    • Enumerable Objects
    • Writing Custom Iterators
    • Enumerators
    • External Iterators
    • Iteration and Concurrent Modification
  • Blocks
    • Block Syntax
    • The Value of a Block
    • Blocks and Variable Scope
    • Passing Arguments to a Block
    • Block Parameters in Ruby 1.9
  • Altering Control Flow
    • return
    • break
      • break with a value
    • next
      • next and block value
    • redo
    • retry
    • throw and catch
  • Exceptions and Exception Handling
    • Exception Classes and Exception Objects
      • The methods of exception objects
      • Creating exception objects
      • Defining new exception classes
    • Raising Exceptions with raise
    • Handling Exceptions with rescue
      • Naming the exception object
      • Handling exceptions by type
      • Propagation of exceptions
      • Exceptions during exception handling
      • retry in a rescue clause
    • The else Clause
    • The ensure Clause
    • rescue with Method, Class, and Module Definitions
    • rescue As a Statement Modifier
  • BEGIN and END
  • Threads, Fibers, and Continuations
    • Threads for Concurrency
    • Fibers for Coroutines
      • Fiber arguments and return values
      • Implementing generators with fibers
      • Advanced fiber features
    • Continuations
• 6. Methods, Procs, Lambdas, and Closures
  • Defining Simple Methods
    • Method Return Value
    • Methods and Exception Handling
    • Invoking a Method on an Object
    • Defining Singleton Methods
    • Undefining Methods
  • Method Names
    • Operator Methods
    • Method Aliases
  • Methods and Parentheses
    • Optional Parentheses
    • Required Parentheses
  • Method Arguments
    • Parameter Defaults
    • Variable-Length Argument Lists and Arrays
      • Passing arrays to methods
    • Mapping Arguments to Parameters
    • Hashes for Named Arguments
    • Block Arguments
      • Using & in method invocation
  • Procs and Lambdas
    • Creating Procs
      • Proc.new
      • Kernel.lambda
      • Kernel.proc
      • Lambda Literals
    • Invoking Procs and Lambdas
    • The Arity of a Proc
    • Proc Equality
    • How Lambdas Differ from Procs
      • Return in blocks, procs, and lambdas
      • Break in blocks, procs and lambdas
      • Other control-flow statements
      • Argument passing to procs and lambdas
  • Closures
    • Closures and Shared Variables
    • Closures and Bindings
  • Method Objects
    • Unbound Method Objects
  • Functional Programming
    • Applying a Function to an Enumerable
    • Composing Functions
    • Partially Applying Functions
    • Memoizing Functions
    • Symbols, Methods, and Procs
• 7. Classes and Modules
  • Defining a Simple Class
    • Creating the Class
    • Instantiating a Point
    • Initializing a Point
    • Defining a to_s Method
    • Accessors and Attributes
    • Defining Operators
    • Array and Hash Access with [ ]
    • Enumerating Coordinates
    • Point Equality
    • Ordering Points
    • A Mutable Point
    • Quick and Easy Mutable Classes
    • A Class Method
    • Constants
    • Class Variables
    • Class Instance Variables
  • Method Visibility: Public, Protected, Private
  • Subclassing and Inheritance
    • Inheriting Methods
    • Overriding Methods
      • Overriding private methods
    • Augmenting Behavior by Chaining
    • Inheritance of Class Methods
    • Inheritance and Instance Variables
    • Inheritance and Class Variables
    • Inheritance of Constants
  • Object Creation and Initialization
    • new, allocate, and initialize
    • Factory Methods
    • dup, clone, and initialize_copy
    • marshal_dump and marshal_load
    • The Singleton Pattern
  • Modules
    • Modules as Namespaces
      • Nested namespaces
    • Modules As Mixins
    • Includable Namespace Modules
  • Loading and Requiring Modules
    • The Load Path
    • Executing Loaded Code
      • Wrapped loads
    • Autoloading Modules
  • Singleton Methods and the Eigenclass
  • Method Lookup
    • Class Method Lookup
  • Constant Lookup
• 8. Reflection and Metaprogramming
  • Types, Classes, and Modules
    • Ancestry and Modules
    • Defining Classes and Modules
  • Evaluating Strings and Blocks
    • Bindings and eval
    • instance_eval and class_eval
    • instance_exec and class_exec
  • Variables and Constants
    • Querying, Setting, and Testing Variables
  • Methods
    • Listing and Testing For Methods
    • Obtaining Method Objects
    • Invoking Methods
    • Defining, Undefining, and Aliasing Methods
    • Handling Undefined Methods
    • Setting Method Visibility
  • Hooks
  • Tracing
  • ObjectSpace and GC
  • Custom Control Structures
    • Delaying and Repeating Execution: after and every
    • Thread Safety with Synchronized Blocks
  • Missing Methods and Missing Constants
    • Unicode Codepoint Constants with const_missing
    • Tracing Method Invocations with method_missing
    • Synchronized Objects by Delegation
  • Dynamically Creating Methods
    • Defining Methods with class_eval
    • Defining Methods with define_method
  • Alias Chaining
    • Tracing Files Loaded and Classes Defined
    • Chaining Methods for Thread Safety
    • Chaining Methods for Tracing
  • Domain-Specific Languages
    • Simple XML Output with method_missing
    • Validated XML Output with Method Generation
• 9. The Ruby Platform
  • Strings
    • Formatting Text
    • Packing and Unpacking Binary Strings
    • Strings and Encodings
  • Regular Expressions
    • Regexp Literals
    • Regexp Factory Methods
    • Regular Expression Syntax
    • Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions
      • Global variables for match data
      • Pattern matching with strings
      • Search and replace
      • Regular expression encoding
  • Numbers and Math
    • Numeric Methods
    • The Math Module
    • Decimal Arithmetic
    • Complex Numbers
    • Rational Numbers
    • Vectors and Matrices
    • Random Numbers
  • Dates and Times
  • Collections
    • Enumerable Objects
      • Iterating and converting collections
      • Enumerators and external iterators
      • Sorting collections
      • Searching collections
      • Selecting subcollections
      • Reducing collections
    • Arrays
      • Creating arrays
      • Array size and elements
      • Altering array elements
      • Iterating, searching, and sorting arrays
      • Array comparison
      • Arrays as stacks and queues
      • Arrays as sets
      • Associative array methods
      • Miscellaneous array methods
    • Hashes
      • Creating hashes
      • Indexing hashes and testing membership
      • Storing keys and values in a hash
      • Removing hash entries
      • Arrays from hashes
      • Hash iterators
      • Default values
      • Hashcodes, key equality, and mutable keys
      • Miscellaneous hash methods
    • Sets
      • Creating sets
      • Testing, comparing, and combining Sets
      • Adding and deleting set elements
      • Set iterators
      • Miscellaneous set methods
  • Files and Directories
    • File and Directory Names
    • Listing Directories
    • Testing Files
    • Creating, Deleting, and Renaming Files and Directories
  • Input/Output
    • Opening Streams
      • Opening files
      • Kernel.open
      • StringIO
      • Predefined streams
    • Streams and Encodings
    • Reading from a Stream
      • Reading lines
      • Reading entire files
      • Reading bytes and characters
    • Writing to a Stream
    • Random Access Methods
    • Closing, Flushing, and Testing Streams
  • Networking
    • A Very Simple Client
    • A Very Simple Server
    • Datagrams
    • A More Complex Client
    • A Multiplexing Server
    • Fetching Web Pages
  • Threads and Concurrency
    • Thread Lifecycle
      • The main thread
      • Threads and unhandled exceptions
    • Threads and Variables
      • Thread-private variables
      • Thread-local variables
    • Thread Scheduling
      • Thread priorities
      • Thread preemption and Thread.pass
    • Thread States
      • Querying thread state
      • Altering state: pausing, waking, and killing threads
    • Listing Threads and Thread Groups
    • Threading Examples
      • Reading files concurrently
      • A Multithreaded Server
      • Concurrent iterators
    • Thread Exclusion and Deadlock
      • Deadlock
    • Queue and SizedQueue
    • Condition Variables and Queues
• 10. The Ruby Environment
  • Invoking the Ruby Interpreter
    • Common Options
    • Warnings and Information Options
    • Encoding Options
    • Text Processing Options
    • Miscellaneous Options
  • The Top-Level Environment
    • Predefined Modules and Classes
    • Top-Level Constants
    • Global Variables
      • Global settings
      • Exception-handling globals
      • Streams and text-processing globals
      • Pattern-matching globals
      • Command-line option globals
    • Predefined Global Functions
      • Keyword functions
      • Text input, output, and manipulation functions
      • OS methods
      • Warnings, failures, and exiting
      • Reflection functions
      • Conversion functions
      • Miscellaneous Kernel functions
    • User-Defined Global Functions
  • Practical Extraction and Reporting Shortcuts
    • Input Functions
    • Deprecated Extraction Functions
    • Reporting Functions
    • One-Line Script Shortcuts
  • Calling the OS
    • Invoking OS Commands
    • Forking and Processes
    • Trapping Signals
    • Terminating Programs
  • Security
    • Tainted Data
    • Restricted Execution and Safe Levels
      • Safe level 0
      • Safe Level 1
      • Safe level 2
      • Safe level 3
      • Safe level 4
• Index
• About the Authors
• Colophon
• Copyright

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