Classic Shell Scripting. Hidden Commands that Unlock the Power of Unix

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• Classic Shell Scripting
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly
  • A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
  • Foreword
  • Preface
    • Intended Audience
    • What You Should Already Know
    • Chapter Summary
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Code Examples
    • Unix Tools for Windows Systems
      • Cygwin
      • DJGPP
      • MKS Toolkit
      • AT&T UWIN
    • Safari Enabled
    • Wed Like to Hear from You
    • Acknowledgments
  • 1. Background
    • 1.1. Unix History
    • 1.2. Software Tools Principles
    • 1.3. Summary
  • 2. Getting Started
    • 2.1. Scripting Languages Versus Compiled Languages
    • 2.2. Why Use a Shell Script?
    • 2.3. A Simple Script
    • 2.4. Self-Contained Scripts: The #! First Line
    • 2.5. Basic Shell Constructs
      • 2.5.1. Commands and Arguments
      • 2.5.2. Variables
      • 2.5.3. Simple Output with echo
      • 2.5.4. Fancier Output with printf
      • 2.5.5. Basic I/O Redirection
        • 2.5.5.1. Redirection and pipelines
        • 2.5.5.2. Special files: /dev/null and /dev/tty
      • 2.5.6. Basic Command Searching
    • 2.6. Accessing Shell Script Arguments
    • 2.7. Simple Execution Tracing
    • 2.8. Internationalization and Localization
    • 2.9. Summary
  • 3. Searching and Substitutions
    • 3.1. Searching for Text
      • 3.1.1. Simple grep
    • 3.2. Regular Expressions
      • 3.2.1. What Is a Regular Expression?
        • 3.2.1.1. POSIX bracket expressions
      • 3.2.2. Basic Regular Expressions
        • 3.2.2.1. Matching single characters
        • 3.2.2.2. Backreferences
        • 3.2.2.3. Matching multiple characters with one expression
        • 3.2.2.4. Anchoring text matches
        • 3.2.2.5. BRE operator precedence
      • 3.2.3. Extended Regular Expressions
        • 3.2.3.1. Matching single characters
        • 3.2.3.2. Backreferences don't exist
        • 3.2.3.3. Matching multiple regular expressions with one expression
        • 3.2.3.4. Alternation
        • 3.2.3.5. Grouping
        • 3.2.3.6. Anchoring text matches
        • 3.2.3.7. ERE operator precedence
      • 3.2.4. Regular Expression Extensions
      • 3.2.5. Which Programs Use Which Regular Expressions?
      • 3.2.6. Making Substitutions in Text Files
      • 3.2.7. Basic Usage
        • 3.2.7.1. Substitution details
      • 3.2.8. sed Operation
        • 3.2.8.1. To print or not to print
      • 3.2.9. Matching Specific Lines
      • 3.2.10. How Much Text Gets Changed?
      • 3.2.11. Lines Versus Strings
    • 3.3. Working with Fields
      • 3.3.1. Text File Conventions
      • 3.3.2. Selecting Fields with cut
      • 3.3.3. Joining Fields with join
      • 3.3.4. Rearranging Fields with awk
        • 3.3.4.1. Patterns and actions
        • 3.3.4.2. Fields
        • 3.3.4.3. Setting the field separators
        • 3.3.4.4. Printing lines
        • 3.3.4.5. Startup and cleanup actions
    • 3.4. Summary
  • 4. Text Processing Tools
    • 4.1. Sorting Text
      • 4.1.1. Sorting by Lines
      • 4.1.2. Sorting by Fields
      • 4.1.3. Sorting Text Blocks
      • 4.1.4. Sort Efficiency
      • 4.1.5. Sort Stability
      • 4.1.6. Sort Wrap-Up
    • 4.2. Removing Duplicates
    • 4.3. Reformatting Paragraphs
    • 4.4. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters
    • 4.5. Printing
      • 4.5.1. Evolution of Printing Technology
      • 4.5.2. Other Printing Software
    • 4.6. Extracting the First and Last Lines
    • 4.7. Summary
  • 5. Pipelines Can Do Amazing Things
    • 5.1. Extracting Data from Structured Text Files
    • 5.2. Structured Data for the Web
    • 5.3. Cheating at Word Puzzles
    • 5.4. Word Lists
    • 5.5. Tag Lists
    • 5.6. Summary
  • 6. Variables, Making Decisions, and Repeating Actions
    • 6.1. Variables and Arithmetic
      • 6.1.1. Variable Assignment and the Environment
      • 6.1.2. Parameter Expansion
        • 6.1.2.1. Expansion operators
        • 6.1.2.2. Positional parameters
        • 6.1.2.3. Special variables
      • 6.1.3. Arithmetic Expansion
    • 6.2. Exit Statuses
      • 6.2.1. Exit Status Values
      • 6.2.2. if-elif-else-fi
      • 6.2.3. Logical NOT, AND, and OR
      • 6.2.4. The test Command
    • 6.3. The case Statement
    • 6.4. Looping
      • 6.4.1. for Loops
      • 6.4.2. while and until Loops
      • 6.4.3. break and continue
      • 6.4.4. shift and Option Processing
    • 6.5. Functions
    • 6.6. Summary
  • 7. Input and Output, Files, and Command Evaluation
    • 7.1. Standard Input, Output, and Error
    • 7.2. Reading Lines with read
    • 7.3. More About Redirections
      • 7.3.1. Additional Redirection Operators
      • 7.3.2. File Descriptor Manipulation
    • 7.4. The Full Story on printf
    • 7.5. Tilde Expansion and Wildcards
      • 7.5.1. Tilde Expansion
      • 7.5.2. Wildcarding
        • 7.5.2.1. Hidden files
    • 7.6. Command Substitution
      • 7.6.1. Using sed for the head Command
      • 7.6.2. Creating a Mailing List
      • 7.6.3. Simple Math: expr
    • 7.7. Quoting
    • 7.8. Evaluation Order and eval
      • 7.8.1. The eval Statement
      • 7.8.2. Subshells and Code Blocks
    • 7.9. Built-in Commands
      • 7.9.1. The set Command
    • 7.10. Summary
  • 8. Production Scripts
    • 8.1. Path Searching
    • 8.2. Automating Software Builds
    • 8.3. Summary
  • 9. Enough awk to Be Dangerous
    • 9.1. The awk Command Line
    • 9.2. The awk Programming Model
    • 9.3. Program Elements
      • 9.3.1. Comments and Whitespace
      • 9.3.2. Strings and String Expressions
      • 9.3.3. Numbers and Numeric Expressions
      • 9.3.4. Scalar Variables
      • 9.3.5. Array Variables
      • 9.3.6. Command-Line Arguments
      • 9.3.7. Environment Variables
    • 9.4. Records and Fields
      • 9.4.1. Record Separators
      • 9.4.2. Field Separators
      • 9.4.3. Fields
    • 9.5. Patterns and Actions
      • 9.5.1. Patterns
      • 9.5.2. Actions
    • 9.6. One-Line Programs in awk
    • 9.7. Statements
      • 9.7.1. Sequential Execution
      • 9.7.2. Conditional Execution
      • 9.7.3. Iterative Execution
      • 9.7.4. Array Membership Testing
      • 9.7.5. Other Control Flow Statements
      • 9.7.6. User-Controlled Input
      • 9.7.7. Output Redirection
      • 9.7.8. Running External Programs
    • 9.8. User-Defined Functions
    • 9.9. String Functions
      • 9.9.1. Substring Extraction
      • 9.9.2. Lettercase Conversion
      • 9.9.3. String Searching
      • 9.9.4. String Matching
      • 9.9.5. String Substitution
      • 9.9.6. String Splitting
      • 9.9.7. String Reconstruction
      • 9.9.8. String Formatting
    • 9.10. Numeric Functions
    • 9.11. Summary
  • 10. Working with Files
    • 10.1. Listing Files
      • 10.1.1. Long File Listings
      • 10.1.2. Listing File Metadata
    • 10.2. Updating Modification Times with touch
    • 10.3. Creating and Using Temporary Files
      • 10.3.1. The $$ Variable
      • 10.3.2. The mktemp Program
      • 10.3.3. The /dev/random and /dev/urandom Special Files
    • 10.4. Finding Files
      • 10.4.1. Finding Files Quickly
      • 10.4.2. Finding Where Commands Are Stored
      • 10.4.3. The find Command
        • 10.4.3.1. Using the find command
        • 10.4.3.2. A simple find script
        • 10.4.3.3. A complex find script
      • 10.4.4. Finding Problem Files
    • 10.5. Running Commands: xargs
    • 10.6. Filesystem Space Information
      • 10.6.1. The df Command
      • 10.6.2. The du Command
    • 10.7. Comparing Files
      • 10.7.1. The cmp and diff Utilities
      • 10.7.2. The patch Utility
      • 10.7.3. File Checksum Matching
      • 10.7.4. Digital Signature Verification
    • 10.8. Summary
  • 11. Extended Example: Merging User Databases
    • 11.1. The Problem
    • 11.2. The Password Files
    • 11.3. Merging Password Files
      • 11.3.1. Separating Users by Manageability
      • 11.3.2. Managing UIDs
      • 11.3.3. Creating User-Old UID-New UID Triples
    • 11.4. Changing File Ownership
    • 11.5. Other Real-World Issues
    • 11.6. Summary
  • 12. Spellchecking
    • 12.1. The spell Program
    • 12.2. The Original Unix Spellchecking Prototype
    • 12.3. Improving ispell and aspell
      • 12.3.1. Private Spelling Dictionaries
      • 12.3.2. ispell and aspell
    • 12.4. A Spellchecker in awk
      • 12.4.1. Introductory Comments
      • 12.4.2. Main Body
      • 12.4.3. initialize( )
      • 12.4.4. get_dictionaries( )
      • 12.4.5. scan_options( )
      • 12.4.6. load_dictionaries( )
      • 12.4.7. load_suffixes( )
      • 12.4.8. order_suffixes( )
      • 12.4.9. spell_check_line( )
      • 12.4.10. spell_check_word( )
      • 12.4.11. strip_suffixes( )
      • 12.4.12. report_exceptions( )
      • 12.4.13. Retrospective on Our Spellchecker
      • 12.4.14. Efficiency of awk Programs
    • 12.5. Summary
  • 13. Processes
    • 13.1. Process Creation
    • 13.2. Process Listing
    • 13.3. Process Control and Deletion
      • 13.3.1. Deleting Processes
      • 13.3.2. Trapping Process Signals
    • 13.4. Process System-Call Tracing
    • 13.5. Process Accounting
    • 13.6. Delayed Scheduling of Processes
      • 13.6.1. sleep: Delay Awhile
      • 13.6.2. at: Delay Until Specified Time
      • 13.6.3. batch: Delay for Resource Control
      • 13.6.4. crontab: Rerun at Specified Times
    • 13.7. The /proc Filesystem
    • 13.8. Summary
  • 14. Shell Portability Issues and Extensions
    • 14.1. Gotchas
    • 14.2. The bash shopt Command
    • 14.3. Common Extensions
      • 14.3.1. The select Loop
      • 14.3.2. Extended Test Facility
      • 14.3.3. Extended Pattern Matching
      • 14.3.4. Brace Expansion
      • 14.3.5. Process Substitution
      • 14.3.6. Indexed Arrays
      • 14.3.7. Miscellaneous Extensions
    • 14.4. Download Information
      • 14.4.1. bash
      • 14.4.2. ksh93
    • 14.5. Other Extended Bourne-Style Shells
    • 14.6. Shell Versions
    • 14.7. Shell Initialization and Termination
      • 14.7.1. Bourne Shell (sh) Startup
      • 14.7.2. Korn Shell Startup
      • 14.7.3. Bourne-Again Shell Startup and Termination
      • 14.7.4. Z-Shell Startup and Termination
    • 14.8. Summary
  • 15. Secure Shell Scripts: Getting Started
    • 15.1. Tips for Secure Shell Scripts
    • 15.2. Restricted Shell
    • 15.3. Trojan Horses
    • 15.4. Setuid Shell Scripts: A Bad Idea
    • 15.5. ksh93 and Privileged Mode
    • 15.6. Summary
  • A. Writing Manual Pages
    • A.1. Manual Pages for pathfind
    • A.2. Manual-Page Syntax Checking
    • A.3. Manual-Page Format Conversion
    • A.4. Manual-Page Installation
  • B. Files and Filesystems
    • B.1. What Is a File?
    • B.2. How Are Files Named?
    • B.3. What's in a Unix File?
    • B.4. The Unix Hierarchical Filesystem
      • B.4.1. Filesystem Structure
      • B.4.2. Layered Filesystems
      • B.4.3. Filesystem Implementation Overview
      • B.4.4. Devices as Unix Files
    • B.5. How Big Can Unix Files Be?
    • B.6. Unix File Attributes
      • B.6.1. File Ownership and Permissions
        • B.6.1.1. Ownership
        • B.6.1.2. Permissions
        • B.6.1.3. Default permissions
        • B.6.1.4. Permissions in action
        • B.6.1.5. Directory permissions
      • B.6.2. File Timestamps
      • B.6.3. File Links
      • B.6.4. File Size and Timestamp Variations
      • B.6.5. Other File Metadata
    • B.7. Unix File Ownership and Privacy Issues
    • B.8. Unix File Extension Conventions
    • B.9. Summary
  • C. Important Unix Commands
    • C.1. Shells and Built-in Commands
    • C.2. Text Manipulation
    • C.3. Files
    • C.4. Processes
    • C.5. Miscellaneous Programs
  • 16. Bibliography
    • 16.1. Unix Programmer's Manuals
    • 16.2. Programming with the Unix Mindset
    • 16.3. Awk and Shell
    • 16.4. Standards
    • 16.5. Security and Cryptography
    • 16.6. Unix Internals
    • 16.7. O'Reilly Books
    • 16.8. Miscellaneous Books
  • About the Authors
  • Colophon
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly

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