Building Web Apps with WordPress. WordPress as an Application Framework. 2nd Edition

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• Foreword
• Preface
  • Who This Book Is For
  • Who This Book Is Not For
  • What Youll Learn
  • About the Code
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. Building Web Apps with WordPress
  • What Is a Website?
  • What Is an App?
  • What Is a Web App?
    • Features of a Web App
    • Mobile Apps
    • Progressive Web Apps
  • Why Use WordPress?
    • You Are Already Using WordPress
    • Content Management Is Easy with WordPress
    • User Management Is Easy and Secure with WordPress
    • Plugins
    • Flexibility Is Important
    • Frequent Security Updates
    • Cost
    • Responses to Some Common Criticisms of WordPress
      • WordPress is just for blogs
      • WordPress is just for content sites
      • WordPress doesnt scale
      • WordPress is insecure
      • WordPress plugins are crap
  • When Not to Use WordPress
    • You Plan to License or Sell Your Sites Technology
    • Another Platform Will Get You There Faster
    • Flexibility Is Not Important to You
    • Your App Needs to Be Highly Real Time
  • WordPress as an Application Framework
    • WordPress Versus Model-View-Controller Frameworks
      • Models = plugins
      • Views = themes
      • Controllers = template loader
  • Anatomy of a WordPress App
    • What Is SchoolPress?
    • SchoolPress Runs on a WordPress Multisite Network
    • The SchoolPress Business Model
    • Membership Levels and User Roles
    • Classes Are BuddyPress Groups
    • Assignments Are a CPT
    • Submissions Are a (Sub)CPT for Assignments
    • Semesters Are a Taxonomy on the Class CPT
    • Departments Are a Taxonomy on the Class CPT
    • SchoolPress Has One Main Custom Plugin
    • SchoolPress Uses a Few Other Custom Plugins
    • SchoolPress Uses the Memberlite Theme
• 2. WordPress Basics
  • WordPress Directory Structure
    • Root Directory
    • /wp-admin
    • /wp-includes
    • /wp-content
      • /wp-content/plugins
      • /wp-content/themes
      • /wp-content/uploads
      • /wp-content/mu-plugins
  • WordPress Database Structure
    • wp_options
    • Functions Found in /wp-includes/option.php
      • add_option( string $option, mixed $value = ', string $deprecated = '', string|bool $autoload = yes )
      • update_option( $option, $newvalue )
      • get_option( $option, $default = false )
      • delete_option( $option )
    • wp_users
    • Functions Found in /wp-includes/
      • wp_insert_user( $userdata )
      • wp_create_user( $username, $password, $email )
      • wp_update_user( $userdata )
      • get_user_by( $field, $value )
      • get_userdata( $userid )
      • wp_delete_user( $id, $reassign = novalue )
    • wp_usermeta
      • get_user_meta( $user_id, $key = '', $single = false )
      • update_user_meta( $user_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $prev_value = '' )
      • add_user_meta( $user_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $unique = false )
      • delete_user_meta( $user_id, $meta_key, $meta_value = '' )
    • wp_posts
    • Functions Found in /wp-includes/post.php
      • wp_insert_post( $postarr, $wp_error = false )
      • wp_update_post( $postarr = array(), $wp_error = false )
      • get_post( $post = null, $output = OBJECT, $filter = raw )
      • get_posts( $args = null )
      • wp_delete_post( $postid = 0, $force_delete = false )
    • wp_postmeta
    • Functions Found in /wp-includes/post.php
      • get_post_meta( $post_id, $key = '', $single = false )
      • update_post_meta( $post_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $prev_value = '' )
      • add_post_meta( $post_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $unique = false )
      • delete_post_meta( $post_id, $meta_key, $meta_value = '' )
    • wp_comments
    • Functions Found in /wp-includes/comment.php
      • get_comment( $comment, $output = OBJECT )
      • get_comments( $args = '' )
      • wp_insert_comment( $commentdata )
      • wp_update_comment( $commentarr )
      • wp_delete_comment( $comment_id, $force_delete = false )
    • wp_commentsmeta
    • Functions Found in /wp-includes/comment.php
      • get_comment_meta( $comment_id, $key = '', $single = false )
      • add_comment_meta( $comment_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $unique = false )
      • update_comment_meta( $comment_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $prev_value = '' )
      • delete_comment_meta( $comment_id, $meta_key, $meta_value = '' )
    • wp_terms
    • Functions Found in /wp-includes/taxonomy.php
      • get_terms( $taxonomies, $args = '' )
      • get_term( $term, $taxonomy, $output = OBJECT, $filter = raw )
      • wp_insert_term( $term, $taxonomy, $args = array() )
      • wp_update_term( $term_id, $taxonomy, $args = array() )
      • wp_delete_term( $term, $taxonomy, $args = array() )
    • wp_termmeta
      • get_term_meta( $term_id, $key = '', $single = false )
      • update_term_meta( $term_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $prev_value = '' )
      • add_term_meta( $term_id, $meta_key, $meta_value, $unique = false )
      • delete_term_meta( $term_id, $meta_key, $meta_value = '' )
    • wp_term_taxonomy
    • /wp-includes/taxonomy.php
      • get_taxonomies( $args = array(), $output = names', $operator = and )
      • get_taxonomy( $taxonomy )
      • register_taxonomy( $taxonomy, $object_type, $args = array() )
    • wp_term_relationships
      • get_object_taxonomies( $object, $output = names )
      • wp_get_object_terms( $object_ids, $taxonomies, $args = array() )
      • wp_set_object_terms( $object_id, $terms, $taxonomy, $append = false )
  • Hooks: Actions and Filters
    • Actions
    • Filters
  • Development and Hosting Environments
    • Working Locally
    • Choosing a Web Host
    • Development, Staging, and Production Environments
  • Extending WordPress
• 3. Using WordPress Plugins
  • The General Public License, Version 2, License
  • Installing WordPress Plugins
  • Building Your Own Plugin
  • File Structure for an App Plugin
    • /adminpages/
    • /classes/
    • /css/
    • /js/
    • /images/
    • /includes/
    • /includes/lib/
    • /pages/
    • /services/
    • /scheduled/
    • /schoolpress.php
  • Add-Ons to Existing Plugins
  • Use Cases and Examples
    • The WordPress Loop
    • WordPress Global Variables
      • $wpdb
      • Using custom database tables
      • Running queries
      • Escaping in database queries
      • SELECT queries with $wpdb
        • Insert, replace, and update
  • Free Plugins
    • Admin Columns
    • Advanced Custom Fields
    • BadgeOS
    • Posts 2 Posts
    • Members
    • W3 Total Cache
    • Yoast SEO
  • Premium Plugins
    • Gravity Forms
    • BackupBuddy
    • WP All Import
  • Community Plugins
    • BuddyPress
      • Database tables
      • Components
      • Pages
      • Settings
      • Profile fields
      • BuddyPress plugins
• 4. Themes
  • Themes Versus Plugins
    • Where to Place Code When Developing Apps
    • When Developing Plugins
    • Where to Place Code When Developing Themes
  • The Template Hierarchy
  • Page Templates
    • Sample Page Template
    • Using Hooks to Copy Templates
    • When Should You Use a Theme Template?
  • Theme-Related WordPress Functions
    • Using locate_template in Your Plugins
  • Style.css
    • Versioning Your Themes CSS Files
  • functions.php
  • Themes and CPTs
  • Popular Theme Frameworks
    • WordPress Theme Frameworks
      • _s (underscores)
      • Memberlite
      • Genesis
    • Non-WordPress Theme Frameworks
  • Creating a Child Theme for Memberlite
  • Including Bootstrap in Your Apps Theme
  • Menus
    • Navigation Menus
    • Dynamic Menus
  • Responsive Design
    • Device and Display Detection in CSS
    • Device and Feature Detection in JavaScript
      • Detecting the screen and window size with JavaScript and jQuery
      • Feature detection in JavaScript
    • Device Detection in PHP
      • Browser detection in WordPress core
      • Browser detection with PHPs get_browser()
    • Final Note on Browser Detection
• 5. Custom Post Types, Post Metadata, and Taxonomies
  • Default Post Types and CPTs
    • Page
    • Post
    • Attachment
    • Revisions
    • Navigation Menu Item
    • Custom CSS
    • Changesets
    • oEmbed Cache
    • User Requests
    • Reusable Blocks
  • Defining and Registering CPTs
    • register_post_type( $post_type, $args );
  • What Is a Taxonomy and How Should I Use It?
    • Taxonomies Versus Post Meta
    • Creating Custom Taxonomies
    • register_taxonomy( $taxonomy, $object_type, $args )
    • register_taxonomy_for_object_type( $taxonomy, $object_type )
  • Using CPTs and Taxonomies in Your Themes and Plugins
    • The Theme Archive and Single Template Files
    • Good Old WP_Query and get_posts()
  • Metadata with CPTs
    • add_meta_box( $id, $title, $callback, $screen, $context, $priority, $callback_args )
    • Using Meta Boxes with the Block Editor
      • Does this metadata need to be set for every post of this type?
      • Will the controls for this metadata fit in the sidebar?
      • Does this metadata need to be placed within the post content?
      • Can users add multiple copies of this metadata to the post?
  • Custom Wrapper Classes for CPTs
    • Extending WP_Post Versus Wrapping It
    • Why Use Wrapper Classes?
    • Keep Your CPTs and Taxonomies Together
    • Keep It in the Wrapper Class
    • Wrapper Classes Read Better
• 6. Users, Roles, and Capabilities
  • Getting User Data
  • Add, Update, and Delete Users
  • Hooks and Filters
  • What Are Roles and Capabilities?
    • Checking a Users Role and Capabilities
    • Creating Custom Roles and Capabilities
  • Extending the WP_User Class
  • Adding Registration and Profile Fields
  • Customizing the Users Table in the Dashboard
  • Plugins
    • Theme My Login
    • Hide the Admin Bar from Nonadministrators
    • Paid Memberships Pro
    • PMPro Register Helper
    • Members
    • WP User Fields
• 7. Working with WordPress APIs, Objects, and Helper Functions
  • Shortcode API
    • Shortcode Attributes
    • Nested Shortcodes
    • Removing Shortcodes
    • Other Useful Shortcode-Related Functions
  • Widgets API
    • Before You Add Your Own Widget
    • Adding Widgets
    • Defining a Widget Area
    • Embedding a Widget Outside of a Dynamic Sidebar
  • Dashboard Widgets API
    • Removing Dashboard Widgets
    • Adding Your Own Dashboard Widget
  • Settings API
    • Do You Really Need a Settings Page?
    • Could You Use a Hook or Filter Instead?
    • Use Standards When Adding Settings
    • Ignore Standards When Adding Settings
  • Rewrite API
    • Adding Rewrite Rules
    • Flushing Rewrite Rules
    • Other Rewrite Functions
  • WP-Cron
    • Adding Custom Intervals
    • Scheduling Single Events
    • Kicking Off Cron Jobs from the Server
    • Using Server Crons Only
  • WP Mail
    • Sending Nicer Emails with WordPress
  • File Header API
    • Adding File Headers to Your Own Files
    • Adding New Headers to Plugins and Themes
  • Heartbeat API
• 8. Secure WordPress
  • Why Its Important
  • Security Basics
    • Update Frequently
    • Dont Use the Username admin
    • Use a Strong Password
    • Examples of Bad Passwords
    • Examples of Good Passwords
  • Hardening WordPress
    • Dont Allow Admins to Edit Plugins or Themes
    • Change Default Database Tables Prefix
    • Move wp-config.php
    • Hide Login Error Messages
    • Hide Your WordPress Version
    • Dont Allow Logins via wp-login.php
    • Add Custom .htaccess Rules for Locking Down wp-admin
  • SSL Certificates and HTTPS
    • Installing an SSL Certificate on Your Server
      • Using one directory for HTTPS and HTTP traffic
    • WordPress Login and WordPress Administrator over SSL
    • Debugging HTTPS Issues
    • Avoiding SSL Errors with the Nuclear Option
  • Back Up Everything!
  • Scan, Scan, Scan!
  • Useful Security Plugins
    • Spam-Blocking Plugins
      • Akismet
      • Bad Behavior
    • Backup Plugins
      • BackupBuddy
      • VaultPress
    • Firewall/Scanner Plugins
      • WordFence
      • All In One WP Security & Firewall
      • Exploit Scanner
    • Login and Password-Protection Plugins
      • Limit Login Attempts
      • AskApache Password Protect
  • Writing Secure Code
    • Check User Capabilities
      • user_can( $user, $capability )
      • current_user_can( $capability )
      • current_user_can_for_blog( $blog_id, $capability )
    • Custom SQL Statements
    • Data Validation, Sanitization, and Escaping
      • esc_url( $url, $protocols = null, $_context = display )
      • esc_url_raw( $url, $protocols = null )
      • esc_html( $text )
      • esc_js( $text )
      • esc_attr( $text )
      • esc_textarea( $text )
      • sanitize_option( $option, $value )
      • sanitize_text_field( $str )
      • sanitize_user( $username, $strict = false )
      • sanitize_title( $title, $fallback_title = '' )
      • sanitize_email( $email )
      • sanitize_file_name( $filename )
      • wp_kses( $string, $allowed_html, $allowed_protocols = array () )
      • wp_kses_post( $data )
    • Nonces
      • wp_create_nonce( $action = -1 )
      • wp_verify_nonce( $nonce, $action = -1 )
      • check_admin_referer( $action = -1, $query_arg = '_wpnonce )
      • wp_nonce_url( $actionurl, $action = -1 )
      • wp_nonce_field( $action = -1, $name = ''_wpnonce'', $referer = true , $echo = true )
      • check_ajax_referer( $action = -1, $query_arg = false, $die = true )
• 9. JavaScript Frameworks and Workflow
  • What Is ECMAScript?
  • What Is ES6?
  • What Is ES9?
  • What Is ESNext?
  • What Is Ajax?
  • What Is JSON?
  • jQuery and WordPress
    • Enqueuing Other JavaScript Libraries
    • Where to Put Your Custom JavaScript
  • Ajax Calls with WordPress and jQuery
  • Managing Multiple Ajax Requests
  • Heartbeat API
    • Initialization
    • Client-side JavaScript
    • Server-side PHP
    • Initialization
    • Client-side JavaScript
    • Server-side PHP
  • WordPress Limitations with Asynchronous Processing
  • JavaScript Frameworks
    • Backbone.js
    • React
• 10. WordPress REST API
  • What Is a REST API?
    • API
    • REST
    • JSON
    • HTTP
      • Request
      • Headers
      • Message body
  • Why Use the WordPress REST API?
  • Using the WordPress REST API V2
    • Discovery
    • Authentication
      • Cookie authentication
      • Basic Authentication
      • JSON Web Tokens
      • OAuth authentication
    • Routes and Endpoints
      • What is a route?
      • What is an endpoint?
      • What is a namespace?
    • Requests
    • Responses
  • Adding Your Own Routes and Endpoints
    • register_rest_route( $namespace, $route, $args, $override );
    • Setting Up the WordPress Single Sign-On Plugin
    • Adding the /wp-sso/v1/check Route
    • Bundling Basic Authentication with Our Plugin
    • Using the Endpoint We Set Up to Check User Credentials
  • Popular Plugins Using the WordPress REST API
    • WooCommerce
      • Example: Hide sale banners for paying customers
    • BuddyPress
      • Example: Highlight activity from specific users
    • Paid Memberships Pro
      • Example: Check whether a certain email address has a membership
• 11. Project Gutenberg, Blocks, and Custom Block Types
  • The WordPress Editor
  • The Classic Editor Plugin
  • Using Blocks for Content and Design
  • Using Blocks for Functionality
  • Creating Your Own Blocks
    • Minimal Block Example
  • Using Custom Blocks to Build App Experiences
    • Enabling the Block Editor in Your CPTs
    • Block Categories
    • The Homework Blocks
    • Limiting Blocks to Specific CPTs
    • Limiting CPTs to Specific Blocks
    • Block Templates
    • Saving Block Data to Post Meta
  • Tips
    • Enable WP_SCRIPT_DEBUG
    • Use filemtime() for the Script Version
    • More Tips
    • Learn JavaScript, Node.js, and React More Deeply
• 12. WordPress Multisite Networks
  • Why Multisite?
  • Why Not Multisite?
  • Multisite Alternatives
    • Multiple Authors or Categories on the Same WordPress Site
    • Custom Post Types
    • Totally Separate Sites
    • Use a WordPress Maintenance Service
    • Multitenancy
  • Setting Up a Multisite Network
  • Managing a Multisite Network
    • Dashboard
    • Sites
    • Users
    • Themes
    • Plugins
    • Settings
    • Updates
  • Multisite Database Structure
    • Networkwide Tables
      • wp_site
      • wp_sitemeta
      • wp_blogs
      • wp_blog_versions
      • wp_signups
      • wp_registration_log
    • Individual Site Tables
    • Shared Site Tables
  • Domain Mapping
  • Random Useful Multisite Plugins
    • Gravity Forms User Registration Add-On
    • Member Network Sites Add-On for Paid Memberships Pro
    • More Privacy Options
    • Multisite Global Media
    • Multisite Plugin Manager
    • Multisite Global Search
    • Multisite Robots.txt Manager
    • NS Cloner: Site Copier
    • WP Multi Network
  • Basic Multisite Functionality
    • $blog_id
    • is_multisite()
    • get_current_blog_id()
    • switch_to_blog( $new_blog )
    • restore_current_blog()
    • get_blog_details( $fields = null, $get_all = true )
    • update_blog_details( $blog_id, $details = array() )
    • get_blog_status( $id, $pref )
    • update_blog_status( $blog_id, $pref, $value )
    • get_blog_option( $id, $option, $default = false )
    • update_blog_option( $id, $option, $value )
    • delete_blog_option( $id, $option )
    • get_blog_post( $blog_id, $post_id )
    • add_user_to_blog( $blog_id, $user_id, $role )
    • wpmu_delete_user( $user_id )
    • create_empty_blog( $domain, $path, $weblog_title, $site_id = 1 )
    • Functions We Didnt Mention
• 13. Localizing WordPress Apps
  • Do You Even Need to Localize Your App?
  • How Localization Is Done in WordPress
  • Defining Your Locale in WordPress
  • Text Domains
    • Setting the Text Domain
  • Prepping Your Strings with Translation Functions
    • __( $text, $domain = default )
    • _e( $text, $domain = default )
    • _x( $text, $context, $domain = default )
    • _ex( $title, $context, $domain = default )
    • Escaping and Translating at the Same Time
  • Creating and Loading Translation Files
    • Our File Structure for Localization
    • Generating a .pot File
    • Creating a .po File
    • Creating a .mo File
  • GlotPress
    • Using GlotPress for Your WordPress.org Plugins and Themes
    • Creating Your Own GlotPress Server
• 14. WordPress Optimization and Scaling
  • Terms
  • Origin Versus Edge
  • Testing
    • What to Test
    • Chrome Debug Bar
    • The WordPress Site Health Tool
    • Apache Bench
      • Installing Apache Bench
      • Running Apache Bench
      • Testing with Apache Bench
      • Graphing Apache Bench results with gnuplot
    • Siege
  • W3 Total Cache
    • Page Cache Settings
    • Minify
    • Database Caching
    • Object Cache
    • CDNs
    • GZIP Compression
  • Hosting
    • WordPress-Specific Hosts
    • Rolling Your Own Server
      • Apache server setup
      • Nginx server setup
      • Nginx in front of Apache
      • MySQL optimization
      • advanced-cache.php and object-cache.php
      • Alternative PHP Cache (APC)
      • Memcached
      • Redis
      • Varnish
      • Batcache
  • Selective Caching
    • The Transient API
    • Multisite Transients
  • Using JavaScript to Increase Performance
  • Custom Tables
  • Bypassing WordPress
• 15. Ecommerce
  • Choosing a Plugin
    • WooCommerce
      • The WooCommerce plugin and extensions
      • Customizing WooCommerce through hooks
    • Paid Memberships Pro
    • Easy Digital Downloads
      • Easy Digital Downloads code examples
  • Payment Gateways
  • Merchant Accounts
  • Setting Up SaaS with Paid Memberships Pro
  • The SaaS Model
    • Step 0: Establishing How You Want to Charge for Your App
    • Step 1: Installing and Activating Paid Memberships Pro
    • Step 2: Setting Up the Level
    • Step 3: Setting Up Pages
    • Step 4: Choosing Payment Settings
    • Step 5: Choosing Email Settings
    • Step 6: Choosing Advanced Settings
    • Step 7: Locking Down Pages
      • Lock down a specific page
      • Lock down a page by URL
      • Lock down a portion of a page by shortcode
      • Lock down a portion of a page by PHP code using the pmpro_hasMembershipLevel() function
    • Step 8: Customizing Paid Memberships Pro
      • Restricting nonmembers to the home page
      • Locking down files
      • Change user roles based on membership levels
      • International and long-form addresses
• 16. Mobile Apps Powered by WordPress
  • Mobile App Use Cases
  • Native and Hybrid Mobile Apps
    • What Is a Native Mobile App?
    • What Is a Hybrid Mobile App?
    • Why Hybrid over Native?
    • Cordova
      • PhoneGap
      • Installing Cordova
      • Cordova and Android
      • Cordova and iOS
      • Cordova plugins
    • Ionic Framework
    • App Wrapper
    • AppPresser
      • Installing and configuring on WordPress
      • The App Builder
      • Compiling and testing an app
      • Linking between app pages
      • AppCamera plugin
      • WooCommerce plugins
      • LearnDash/AppLMS
      • AppPush
• 17. PHP Libraries, Web Service Integrations, and Platform Migrations
  • PHP Libraries
    • Image Generation and Manipulation
      • GD
      • Imagick
      • Zebra_Image
      • Imagine
      • Dynamic Dummy Image Generator
      • Snappy
    • PDF Generation
      • Snappy
      • FPDF
      • Other PDF-generation PHP libraries
    • Geolocation and Geotargeting
      • MaxMind GeoIP
      • Geocoder PHP
      • Web-hosting geolocation
    • File Compression and Archiving
      • Compressing individual files into an archive
      • Compressing multiple files into an archive
      • Extracting files from an archive
      • Other compression and archive PHP libraries
    • Developer Tools
      • PHPUnit
      • phpDocumentor
      • Faker
      • Goutte, a PHP-based website scraper
      • Whoops, for user-friendly PHP errors
  • External APIs and Web Services
    • Elasticsearch
    • ElasticPress by 10up
    • Google Vision
    • Google Maps
      • Directions
      • Distance Matrix
      • Elevation
      • Geocoding
      • Street View service
      • Google Maps WordPress plugins
    • Google Translate
    • Twilio
    • Other Popular APIs
  • Migrations
    • Host Migrations
      • Available migration plugins
      • WP Engine site migration tool
    • Platform Migrations
      • Understand your data destination
      • Understand your data source
      • Data from databases
      • Data from files
      • Data from an external API
      • Page scraping
    • Create a Data Mapping Guide
• 18. The Future
  • Where Weve Been
  • The REST API
    • WordPress Plugins Will Focus More on APIs
    • Headless WordPress
    • GraphQL
  • Gutenberg
    • The Administrator Interface Will Move to React/Gutenberg
    • Gutenberg Will Power a Frontend Editing Experience for WordPress
    • Block Templates Will Replace Themes
    • Blocks Will Replace Plugins
  • WordPress Market Share Will Increase and Decrease
  • WordPress Will Become a More Popular Platform for Mobile Development
  • WordPress Will Continue to Be Useful for Developing Apps of All Kinds
• Index

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