Exploring Expect. A Tcl-based Toolkit for Automating Interactive Programs

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• Exploring Expect
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  • A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
  • Preface
    • ExpectWhy another tool?
    • TclA Little History
    • Acknowledgments
    • Wed Like to Hear From You
  • How To Read This Book
    • Notational Conventions
    • Exercises
  • 1. IntroWhat Is Expect?
    • Ouch, Those Programs Are Painful!
    • A Very Brief Overview
    • A First Scriptdialback
    • Total Automation
      • Testing
    • Differing Behavior When Running Non-Interactively
    • Partial Automation
    • Dangerous, Unfriendly, Or Otherwise Unlikable User Interfaces
    • Graphical Applications
    • A Little More About Tcl
    • Job Control
    • Background Processes
    • Using Expect With Other Programs
    • Using Expect On UNIX
    • Using Expect On Other Operating Systems
    • Using Expect In Real Applications
    • Using Expect In Commercial ApplicationsLegalese
    • Obtaining Expect and the Examples
    • Expect And Tcl Resources
      • Important Reading Material
      • Other Books
      • Other Online Documentation
      • Support
    • Exercises
  • 2. TclIntroduction And Overview
    • Everything Is A String
    • Quoting Conventions
      • Return Values
      • Puts
    • Expressions
    • BracesDeferring Evaluation
    • Control Structures
      • The while Command
      • The incr Command
      • The for Command
      • The if Command
      • The switch Command
      • Continuation Lines
      • The break And continue Commands
      • The proc And return Commands
      • The source Command
    • More On Expressions
    • Lists
      • Selecting Elements Of Lists
      • Varying Argument Lists
      • Lists Of Lists
      • Creating Lists
      • The list And concat Commands
      • Building Up Lists With The lappend Command
      • The linsert Command
      • The lreplace Command
      • The lsearch Command
      • The lsort Command
      • The split And join Commands
    • More Ways To Manipulate Strings
      • The scan And format Commands
      • The string Command
      • The append Command
    • Arrays
    • Indirect References
      • Variable Information
      • Array Information
      • Unsetting Variables
      • Tracing Variables
    • Handling Errors
      • Causing Errors
    • Evaluating Lists As Commands
    • Passing By Reference
      • Evaluating Commands In Other Scopes
    • Working With Files
    • File I/O
      • File Name Matching
      • Setting And Getting The Current Directory
      • File Name Manipulation
      • File Information
    • Executing UNIX Commands
    • Environment Variables
    • Handling Unknown Commands
    • Libraries
    • Is There More To Tcl?
    • Exercises
  • 3. Getting Started With Expect
    • The send Command
    • The expect Command
    • Anchoring
    • What Happens When Input Does Not Match
    • Pattern-Action Pairs
    • ExampleTimed Reads In The Shell
    • The spawn Command
    • The interact Command
    • ExampleAnonymous ftp
    • Exercises
  • 4. Glob Patterns And Other Basics
    • The * Wildcard
      • * At The Beginning Of A Pattern Is Rarely Useful
      • * At The End Of A Pattern Can Be Tricky
    • More Glob Patterns
    • Backslashes
    • Handling Timeout
    • Handling End Of File (eof)
    • Hints On The spawn Command
    • Back To Eof
    • The close Command
    • Programs That Ignore Eof
    • The wait Command
    • Exercises
  • 5. Regular Expressions
    • Regular ExpressionsA Quick Start
    • Identifying Regular Expressions And Glob Patterns
    • Using Parentheses To Override Precedence
    • Using Parentheses For Feedback
    • More On The timedread Script
    • Pattern Matching Strategy
    • Nested Parentheses
    • Always Count Parentheses Even Inside Of Alternatives
    • ExampleThe Return Value From A Remote Shell
    • Matching Customized Prompts
    • ExampleA Smart Remote Login Script
    • What Else Gets Stored In expect_out
    • More On Anchoring
    • Exercises
  • 6. Patterns, Actions, And Limits
    • Matching Anything But
    • Really Complex Patterns
    • Really Simple Patterns
    • Matching One Line And Only One Line
    • Tcls string match Command
    • Tcls regexp Command
    • Tcls regsub Command
    • Ignoring Case
    • All Those Other String Functions Are Handy, Too
    • Actions That Affect Control Flow
    • Examplerogue
    • Character Graphics
    • More Actions That Affect Control Flow
    • Matching Multiple Times
    • Recognizing Prompts (Yet Again)
    • Speed Is On Your Side
    • Controlling The Limits Of Pattern Matching Input
    • The full_buffer Keyword
    • Double Buffering
    • Perpetual Buffering
    • The Politics Of Patterns
    • Expecting A Null Character
    • Parity
    • Length Limits
    • Comments In expect Commands
    • Restrictions On expect Arguments
    • evalGood, Bad, And Ugly
    • Exercises
  • 7. Debugging Patterns And Controlling Output
    • Pattern Debugging
    • Enabling Internal Diagnostics
    • Logging Internal Diagnostics
    • Disabling Normal Program Output
    • The log_user Command
    • Examplesu2
    • Recording All Expect Output
    • Sending Messages To The Log
    • About File Names
    • Log And Diagnostic State
    • Exercises
  • 8. Handling A Process And A User
    • The send_user Command
    • The send_error Command
    • The expect_user Command
    • Dealing With Programs That Reprompt
    • Dealing With Programs That Miss Input
    • Sleeping
    • Line Versus Character-Oriented And Other Terminal Modes
    • Echoing
    • Prompting For A Password On Behalf Of A Program
    • Security And Insecurity
      • Securing Scripts By File Protection
      • Securing Scripts By Host Protection
    • Resetting The Terminal Upon Exit
    • More On The stty Command
    • The system Command
    • Redirecting The Standard Input Or Output
    • The expect_tty Command
    • The send_tty Command
    • Exercises
  • 9. The Expect Program
    • ExpectJust Another Program
    • Invoking Scripts Without Saying expect
    • Rewriting The #! Line
    • The .exp Extension
    • TheAnd Other Flags
    • The c Flag
    • The -f Flag
    • Writing The #! Line
    • The i Flag
    • The -n And -N Flags
    • The -d Flag
    • The -D Flag
    • The -b Flag
    • The - Flag
    • The interpreter Command
      • The Terminal Mode During The interpreter Command
      • The interpreter Prompt
      • Changing The Promptprompt1 And prompt2
      • Causing The interpreter Command To Return
      • ^D
      • Using interpreter In Production Scripts
    • Exercises
  • 10. Handling Multiple Processes
    • The spawn_id Variable
    • Examplechess Versus chess
    • ExampleAutomating The write Command
    • How exp_continue Affects spawn_id
    • The Value Of spawn_id Affects Many Commands
    • Symbolic Spawn Ids
    • Job Control
    • Procedures Introduce New Scopes
    • How Expect Writes Variables In Different Scopes
    • Predefined Spawn Ids
    • Exercises
  • 11. Handling Multiple Processes Simultaneously
    • Implicit Versus Explicit Spawn Ids
    • Waiting From Multiple Processes Simultaneously
    • ExampleAnswerback
    • Which Pattern Goes With Which Spawn Id
    • Which Spawn Id Matched
    • Spawn Id Lists
    • ExampleConnecting Together Two Users To An Application
    • ExampleTiming All Commands
    • Matching Any Spawn Id Already Listed
    • The expect_before And expect_after Commands
      • How Long Are expect_before And expect_after In Effect?
      • Using expect_before And expect_after With The Currently Spawned ProcessDANGER
      • Undoing The Effects Of expect_before And expect_after
      • Information On The Current expect_before And expect_after Patterns
      • expect_before And expect_after Actions
    • Indirect Spawn Ids
      • Indirect Spawn IdsAre They Really That Useful?
    • Exercises
  • 12. Send
    • Implicit Versus Explicit Spawn Ids
    • Sending To Multiple Processes
    • Sending Without Echoing
    • Sending To Programs In Cooked Mode
    • Sending Slowly
    • Sending Humanly
    • Sending Nulls
    • Sending Breaks
    • Sending Strings That Look Like Flags
    • Sending Character Graphics
    • Comparing send To puts
    • Exercises
  • 13. Spawn
    • The Search Path
    • Philosophy--Processes Are Smart
    • Treating Files As Spawned Processes
    • Opening Ttys
    • Bugs And Workarounds
    • Process Pipelines And Ptys
    • Automating xterm
    • Checking For Errors From spawn
    • spawn -noecho
    • Exampleunbuffer
    • Obtaining Console Output
    • Setting Pty Modes From spawn
    • Hung Ptys
    • Restrictions On Spawning Multiple Processes
    • Getting The Process Id From A Spawn Id
    • Using File I/O Commands On Spawned Processes
    • Exercises
  • 14. Signals
    • Signals
    • Signals In Spawned Processes
    • Notes On Specific Signals
      • SIGINTSoftware Interrupt Signal
      • SIGTERMSoftware Termination Signal
      • SIGQUITQuit Signal
      • SIGKILLKill Signal
      • SIGCHLDChild Termination Signal
      • SIGHUPHangup Signal
      • SIGPIPEBroken Pipe Signal
      • SIGWINCHWindow Size Change Signal
      • SIGTSTPTerminal-Generated Stop SignalSIGSTOPKernel-Generated Stop SignalSIGCONTContinue Signal
      • SIGUSR1 And SIGUSR2User-Defined Signals
      • Other Signals
    • When And Where Signals Are Evaluated
      • Avoiding Problems Caused By Signal Handlers
    • Overriding The Original Return Value
    • Using A Different Interpreter To Process Signals
    • Exit Handling
    • Exercises
  • 15. Interact
    • The interact Command
    • Simple Patterns
    • Exact Matching
    • Matching Patterns From The Spawned Process
    • Regular Expressions
    • What Happens To Things That Do Not Match
    • More Detail On Matching
    • Echoing
    • Avoiding Echoing
    • Giving Feedback Without -echo
    • Telling The User About New Features
    • Sending Characters While Pattern Matching
    • The continue And break Actions
    • The return Action
    • The Default Action
    • Detecting End-Of-File
    • Matching A Null Character
    • Timing Out
    • More On Terminal Modes (Or The -reset Flag)
    • ExamplePreventing Bad Commands
    • Exercises
  • 16. Interacting With Multiple Processes
    • Connecting To A Process Other Than The Currently Spawned Process
    • Connecting To A Process Instead Of The User
    • Examplerz And sz Over rlogin
    • Redirecting Input And Output
    • Default Input And Output
    • Controlling Multiple Processeskibitz
      • How kibitz Works
    • Combining Spawn Ids In A Single -input Or -output
    • Which Spawn Id Matched
    • Indirect Spawn Ids
    • An Extended Examplexkibitz
    • Exercises
  • 17. Background Processing
    • Putting Expect In The Background
    • Running Expect Without A Controlling Terminal
    • Disconnecting The Controlling Terminal
    • The fork Command
    • The disconnect Command
    • Reconnecting
    • Using kibitz From Other Expect Scripts
    • Mailing From Expect
    • A Manager For Disconnected Processesdislocate
    • Expect As A Daemon
    • ExampleAutomating Gopher and Mosaic telnet Connections
      • Telling The System About Your Daemon
    • Exercises
  • 18. Debugging Scripts
    • Tracing
    • Logging
    • Command Tracing
    • Variable Tracing
    • ExampleLogging By Tracing
    • UNIX System Call Tracing
    • Tk And tkinspect
    • Traditional Debugging
    • Debugger Command Overview And Philosophy
    • Stepping Over Procedure Calls
    • Stepping Into Procedure Calls
    • Where Am I
    • The Current Scope
    • Moving Up And Down The Stack
    • Returning From A Procedure
    • Continuing Execution
    • Defining Breakpoints
      • Breakpoint By Line Number And Filename
      • Breakpoint By Expression
      • Breakpoint By Pattern Match
      • Breakpoint Actions
      • Limitations Of Breakpoint Actions And Interactive Commands
      • General Form Of Breakpoints
      • Listing Breakpoints
      • Deleting Breakpoints
    • Help
    • Changing Program Behavior
    • Changing Debugger Behavior
    • Exercises
  • 19. Expect + Tk = Expectk
    • TkA Brief Technical Overview
      • Widgets
      • Other Widgets And Naming Conventions
      • Displaying Widgets
      • Bindings And Events
      • The Event Loop
    • Expectk
      • Expectk Scripts
    • The send Command
    • An Extended Exampletkpasswd
    • The expect Command And The Tk Event Loop
    • The expect_background Command
    • Multiple Spawn Ids In expect_background
    • Background Actions
    • ExampleA Dumb Terminal Emulator
    • ExampleA Smarter Terminal Emulator
    • Using The Terminal Emulator For Testing And Automation
      • The term_expect Procedure
    • Exercises
  • 20. Extended Examples
    • Encrypting A Directory
    • File Transfer Over telnet
    • You Have Unread Newstknewsbiff
      • The tknewsbiff Script
    • Exercises
  • 21. Expect, C, And C++
    • Overview
    • Linking
    • Include Files
    • Ptys And Processes
    • Allocating Your Own Pty
    • Closing The Connection To The Spawned Process
    • Expect Commands
    • Regular Expression Patterns
      • Caching Regular Expressions
    • Exact Matching
    • Matching A Null
    • What Characters Matched
    • When The Number Of Patterns Is Not Known In Advance
    • Expecting From Streams
    • Running In The Background
    • Handling Multiple Inputs And More On Timeouts
    • Output And Debugging Miscellany
    • Pty Trapping
    • Exercises
  • 22. Expect As Just Another Tcl Extension
    • Adding Expect To Another Tcl-based Program
    • Differences Between Expect And The Expect Extension In Another Program
    • Adding Extensions To Expect
    • Adding Extensions To Expectk
    • Creating Script-less Expect Programs
    • Functions And Variables In The Expect Extension
      • Shared Variables
      • Non-Shared Variables and Functions
    • Exercises
  • 23. Miscellaneous
    • Random Numbers
    • ExampleGenerating Random Passwords
    • The Expect Library
    • Expect Versions
    • Timestamps
    • The time Command
    • Exercises
  • A. AppendixCommands and Variables
    • Commands And Flags
    • Variables
  • Index
  • About the Author
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly

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